SQL SELECT

Purpose

Retrieves data from one or more tables or views

Syntax

FROM {OJ <"t_alias"> <table> [LEFT | RIGHT | FULL] OUTER JOIN <"t_alias"> <table2> ON <exp> = <exp>}

| [FORCE] [<database>!]<table> | <view> [[AS] <t_alias>] [, ...]

[WHERE <condition>]

[GROUP BY <expr> | <column> | <number> [,...]]

[HAVING <condition>]

[ORDER BY <expr> | <column> | <number> [ASC | DESC] [,...]]

[LIMIT [<offset>,] <row_count> | <row_count> OFFSET <offset>]

[FOR UPDATE]

[INTO [,...] | ARRAY <array-name> |

CURSOR <cursor-name> [NOFILTER | READWRITE] |

NAME | OBJECT <object-ref> |

JSON <filename> |

HTML <html filename> |

XML <xml filename> |

DBF | TABLE <table-name> [DATABASE <database> [NAME <long table-name>]]

| SAVE AS [<database>!]<table-name> | XML <xml filename> [FORMAT <RECITAL | ADO>]]

| TO FILE <text filename> [DELIMITED] | PRINTER [PROMPT] | SCREEN

[PREFERENCE <preference>] [NOCONSOLE] [PLAIN] [NOWAIT]

[UNION [ALL] <nested select>]

Description

The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from one or more tables or views. It creates a logical table from other tables. A logical table is a temporary collection of data that satisfy conditions specified in a SELECT statement. To select data you must be the owner of the table or have already been granted SELECT privileges.

If no destination is specified for the results (INTO, SAVE AS or TO), then they are saved to a cursor, a temporary table with the alias name 'cursor'. This table is automatically opened in the next empty workarea and a BROWSE is issued.

Keywords	Description
ALL	Returns all the selected rows including duplicates. This is the default.
DISTINCT	Only returns one copy of each set of duplicate rows selected. Duplicate rows are those with matching values of each expression in the select list.
DISTINCTROW	Only returns one copy of each set of duplicate rows selected. Duplicate rows are those with matching values of the entire row, not just the columns in the select list.
TOP <expN> [PERCENT]	The <expN> defines the TOP number of rows to be returned from the specified select statement. The optional PERCENT keyword causes the <expN> to be used as the percentage of rows to be returned.
*	Selects all columns from all tables listed in the FROM clause.
t_alias	Provides a different name for the table. Other references to table name throughout the query must refer to this alias name. The t_alias can be enclosed in double-quotes if required.
column	The name of the column you are selecting. The column can be enclosed in double-quotes if required.
AS	Used to specify an alternative name for a table or a column
c_alias	Provides a different name for the column and column heading.
constant	This specifies a constant expression. See expressions for more information.
function	A Recital function that may or may not include column names. See the function references for more information.
aggregate	An aggregate expression uses an aggregate function to summarize selected data from a table.
FORCE	The FORCE keyword specifies that the tables are joined in the order in which they are listed in the SELECT statement.
database	The name of the database to which the table belongs. Databases in Recital are implemented as directories containing files that correspond to the tables and associated files in the database. Operating System file protection can be applied individually to the files for added security. The directory is a sub-directory of the Recital data directory. The environment variable DB_DATADIR points to the current Recital data directory and can be queried using the GETENV() function. Files from other directories can be added to the database using the ADD TABLE command or via the database catalog and SET AUTOCATALOG functionality. The '!' character must be included between the database name and the table name.
table	The table name from which to select data. When data is being selected from encrypted tables, the table reference can include the three-part encryption key, enclosed in angled brackets, appended to the table name. The SET ENCRYPTION command allows a default encryption key to be defined. If the key is not included in the <table>, this default key will be used. If the default key is not the correct key for the table, an error will be given. If no default key is active, a dialog box will be displayed in Recital to allow the user to enter the key.
view	The name of a view defined with the CREATE VIEW statement
{OJ ... OUTER JOIN ...}	Specifies the join type as left outer. This will return all the rows from the left table and matching rows from the right or a null row if no match is found.
{OJ ... LEFT OUTER JOIN ...}	Specifies the join type as left outer. This will return all the rows from the left table and matching rows from the right or a null row if no match is found.
{OJ ... RIGHT OUTER JOIN ...}	Specifies the join type as right outer. This will return all the rows from the right table and the matching rows from the left or a null row if no match is found.
{OJ ... FULL OUTER JOIN ...}	Specifies the join type as full outer. This will return all the rows from both tables.
<table2>	The name of the joined table in the query. When data is being selected from encrypted tables, the table2 reference can include the three-part encryption key, enclosed in angled brackets, appended to the table name. The SET ENCRYPTION command allows a default encryption key to be defined. If the key is not included in the <table2>, this default key will be used. If the default key is not the correct key for the table, an error will be given. If no default key is active, a dialog box will be displayed in Recital to allow the user to enter the key.
ON <exp> = <exp>	The expression used to JOIN the two tables together.
INNER JOIN	Specifies the join type as inner. An inner join names the linking criterion used to find matches between the two tables. Only rows for which a match is found in both tables are returned.
OUTER JOIN	Specifies the join type as outer. An outer join takes two tables and displays all the rows from one table and the matching rows from the other or a null row if no matches are found.
LEFT [OUTER] JOIN	Specifies the join type as left outer. This will return all the rows from the left table and matching rows from the right or a null row if no match is found.
RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN	Specifies the join type as right outer. This will return all the rows from the right table and the matching rows from the left or a null row if no match is found.
CROSS JOIN	Specifies the join type as cross join. This will return a Cartesian product: all combinations of rows.
FULL [OUTER] JOIN	Specifies the join type as full outer. This will return all the rows from both tables.
<nested select>	An additional SELECT statement.
ON <table>.column = <table2>.column	The expression used to JOIN the two tables together.
WHERE	This restricts the rows selected to those for which the condition is TRUE. If this clause is omitted than all rows are returned. The condition can be a SELECT sub-query.
GROUP BY	Groups the selected rows based on the value of an expression, the column name or number for each row and returns a single row of summary information for each group. The default, ASC, returns the data in ascending order, specifying DESC returns the data in descending order.
HAVING	Restricts the groups of rows returned to those groups for which the specified condition is TRUE. If you omit this clause then all rows are returned.
ORDER BY	Orders rows based on the value returned by an expression, a column name or number. The default, ASC, returns the data in ascending order, specifying DESC returns the data in descending order.
LIMIT	Restricts the rows returned.
<offset>	The row at which the selection will start. Rows are counted from 0.
<row_count>	The maximum number of rows to be returned.
FOR UPDATE	Locks the selected rows.
INTO <data variable> [,...]	Specify data variables to receive the data retrieved by the select statement. The select statement can only be a singleton select. The data variables will be created if they do not exist and overwritten if they do.
INTO ARRAY <array-name>	Specify an array to receive the data retrieved by the select statement. The array is automatically created, so need not be pre-defined.
INTO CURSOR <cursor-name>	Specify a cursor to receive the data retrieved by the select statement. This saves the data into a temporary table in a workarea. The Recital SELECT command can be used to select the workarea for processing with Recital commands. The NOFILTER keyword is used for creating a cursor that can be used in subsequent queries. The READWRITE keyword is used to create a temporary modifiable cursor.
NAME \| OBJECT <object-ref>	Specify an object to receive the data retrieved by the select statement. The object is automatically created, so need not be pre-defined.
JSON <filename>	Specify a JavaScript Object Notation filename to be created and populated with the result of the select statement.
HTML <html filename>	Specify an HTML filename to be created and populated with the result of the select statement.
XML <xml filename>	Specify an XML filename to be created and populated with the result of the select statement.
INTO DBF \| TABLE <table-name>	Specify a table to receive the data retrieved by the select statement. The table's database and a long name can optionally be specified using the DATABASE and NAME clauses respectively.
SAVE AS <table-name>	Specify a table name to be created and populated with the result of the select statement.
SAVE AS XML <xml filename> [FORMAT <RECITAL \| ADO>]	Specify an XML filename to be created and populated with the result of the select statement. A Document Type Definition (DTD) file, used to validate the XML file, will also be created if the XML format is set to RECITAL. The default format for XML if not specified is Microsoft® ActiveX® Data Objects (ADO). This default can also be set with the command SET XMLFORMAT.
TO FILE [DELIMITED]	Saves the results to the specified text file. If the DELIMITED keyword is included, the results are written out in delimited format.
TO PRINTER	Sends the results to the currently defined printer. The optional PROMPT keyword is used to display a print dialog before printing.
TO SCREEN	Sends the results to the main screen or active window.
PREFERENCE	The PREFERENCE clause is used to save BROWSE window preferences.
NOCONSOLE	The NOCONSOLE keyword is used to prevent results sent to a file or printer (TO FILE \| PRINTER) also being displayed on the screen.
PLAIN	The PLAIN keyword is used to disable the display of column headings.
NOWAIT	The NOWAIT keyword is used to continue program execution immediately after BROWSE window display instead of when the BROWSE window is closed.
UNION [ALL]	Combines the end result of the main SELECT statement with a secondary <nested select> SELECT statement. The ALL keyword specifies that duplicates should be retained.

Example

// Select all rows, including duplicates, from an encrypted table
SELECT ALL * FROM enctab<key_1,key2,key_3>
 
// Select "last_name" column from rows with a unique "last_name"
SELECT DISTINCT last_name FROM customer
 
// Select "last_name" column from unique rows
SELECT DISTINCTROW last_name FROM customer
 
// Select first 10 rows
SELECT TOP 10 * FROM accounts
 
// Select first 50% of the rows
SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM accounts
 
// Crystal Reports / ODBC style JOINS: LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER, FULL OUTER
SELECT customer.account_no, customer.last_name, accounts.ord_value;
  FROM {OJ "customer" customer;
  LEFT OUTER JOIN "accounts" accounts;
  ON customer.account_no = accounts.account_no}
 
SELECT customer.account_no, customer.last_name, accounts.ord_value;
  FROM {OJ "customer" customer;
  RIGHT OUTER JOIN "accounts" accounts;
  ON customer.account_no = accounts.account_no}
 
SELECT customer.account_no, customer.last_name, accounts.ord_value;
  FROM {OJ "customer" customer;
  FULL OUTER JOIN "accounts" accounts;
  ON customer.account_no = accounts.account_no}
 
// JOINS: INNER, LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER, CROSS, FULL
SELECT customer.account_no, customer.last_name, accounts.ord_value;
  FROM customer;
  INNER JOIN accounts;
  ON customer.account_no = accounts.account_no
 
SELECT customer.account_no, customer.last_name, accounts.ord_value;
  FROM customer;
  LEFT OUTER JOIN accounts;
  ON customer.account_no = accounts.account_no
 
SELECT customer.account_no, customer.last_name, accounts.ord_value;
  FROM customer;
  RIGHT OUTER JOIN accounts;
  ON customer.account_no = accounts.account_no
 
SELECT customer.account_no, customer.last_name, accounts.ord_value;
  FROM customer;
  CROSS JOIN accounts
 
SELECT customer.account_no, customer.last_name, accounts.ord_value;
  FROM customer;
  FULL OUTER JOIN accounts
 
// JOINs with nested SELECTs
SELECT contactname FROM customers;
  WHERE customerid IN;
 (SELECT customerid FROM orders WHERE orderdate = {07/19/1996}) 
 
SELECT shipname FROM orders, customers;
  WHERE orders.customerid = customers.customerid AND;
  employeeid = (SELECT max(employeeid);
  FROM orders;
  WHERE orderdate = {07/19/1996});
  order by shipname
 
SELECT contactname FROM customers;
  WHERE ctod("07/19/1996") > ANY;
 (SELECT orderdate FROM orders WHERE customers.customerid = orders.customerid)
 
SELECT orders.customerid;
  FROM orders;
  WHERE 30 > ALL (SELECT sum(quantity) FROM order_details;
  WHERE orders.orderid = order_details.orderid)
 
SELECT orderid,customerid;
  FROM orders as o1;
  WHERE 2 < (SELECT quantity FROM order_details as i1;
  WHERE o1.orderid = i1.orderid AND i1.productid = 71) 
 
SELECT lastname FROM employees;
  WHERE exists;
  (SELECT * FROM orders;
  WHERE employees.employeeid = orders.employeeid;
  AND orderdate = CTOD("11/11/1996"))
 
SELECT lastname FROM employees;
  WHERE not exists;
  (SELECT * FROM orders;
  WHERE employees.employeeid = orders.employeeid;
  AND orderdate = CTOD("11/11/1996"))
 
SELECT companyname, (select MAX(orderid);
  FROM orders as o1;
  WHERE o1.customerid = c1.customerid);
  FROM customers as c1
 
// Multiple JOINs
SELECT customer.account_no, customer.state,;
  state.descript, accounts.ord_value;
  FROM customer RIGHT OUTER JOIN accounts;
  ON customer.account_no = accounts.account_no,;
  customer INNER JOIN state;
  ON customer.state = state.state;
  ORDER BY account_no
 
// Select account number and order value details for Massachusetts customers 
SELECT account_no, ord_value;
  FROM accounts;
  WHERE account_no in (SELECT account_no FROM customer WHERE state = 'MA');
  ORDER BY account_no
 
// Select all overdue accounts with 15% commission in sorted "last_name" order.
SELECT last_name, zip, balance, balance*1.15;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  ORDER BY last_name
 
// Select total and average balance for all overdue accounts, grouped by "limit"
SELECT SUM(balance), AVG(balance);
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  GROUP BY limit
 
// Select total and average balance for all overdue accounts, grouped by "limit" with column aliases
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  GROUP BY limit
 
// Select total and average balance for all overdue accounts, grouped by "limit" with column aliases
// For Massachusetts customers only
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  GROUP BY limit;
  HAVING state = "MA"
 
// Save into an array
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  INTO ARRAY temp
 
// Save into an object
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  INTO object temp
 
// Save into a JSON file
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  INTO JSON temp
 
// Save into an HTML file
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  INTO HTML temp
 
// Save into an XML file
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  INTO XML temp
 
// Create a cursor
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  INTO CURSOR temp
 
// Save as a table
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  INTO TABLE temp DATABASE mydbc
 
//or
 
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  SAVE AS temp
 
// Save in Microsoft® ActiveX® Data Objects XML format
// Any XML files created in the ADO format can be loaded
// with the Open method of the ADO Recordset object. 
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  SAVE AS XML temp.xml FORMAT ADO
// In Visual Basic the file can then be loaded:
// Set adoPrimaryRS = New Recordset
// adoPrimaryRS.Open "temp.xml"
 
// Save in text file format
SELECT SUM(balance) AS Total, AVG(balance) AS Average;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  TO FILE temp.txt
 
// Select all customer accounts that have an outstanding balance or are based in Massachusetts
SELECT account_no;
  FROM customer;
  WHERE state = 'MA';
  UNION SELECT account_no;
  FROM accounts;
  WHERE balance > 0;
  ORDER BY account_no
 
//Select a maximum of 10 rows, starting from row 6
SELECT * FROM customer;
  LIMIT 5,10
//or
SELECT * FROM customer;
  LIMIT 10 OFFSET 5

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Recital Server, Recital

SQL SELECT

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Syntax

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